Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff: diferenças entre revisões

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'''Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff''' ([[Hanôver|Hannover]], [[15 de janeiro]] de [[1803]] — [[Paris]], [[20 de dezembro]] de [[1877]]) foi um [[Mecânico (profissional)|mecânico]] [[Alemanha|alemão]] que comercializou a bobina de indução (muitas vezes referida como a bobina de Ruhmkorff.)
'''Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff''' ([[Hanôver|Hannover]], [[15 de janeiro]] de [[1803]] — [[Paris]], [[20 de dezembro]] de [[1877]]) foi um [[Mecânico (profissional)|mecânico]] [[Alemanha|alemão]] que comercializou a bobina de indução (muitas vezes referida como a bobina de Ruhmkorff.)


Ruhmkorff was born in [[Hanover]]. He changed the "ü" to "u" in his name when living abroad. After an apprenticeship with a German mechanic, he moved to England. Biographies say that he worked with the inventor [[Joseph Bramah]], but this is unlikely since Bramah died in 1814. He may, though, have worked for [[Joseph Bramah|the Bramah company]]. In 1855, he set up a shop in [[Paris]], where he gained a reputation for the high quality of his electrical apparatus.
Ruhmkorff nasceu em 'Hanover'. Ele mudou o "ü" para "u" no seu nome quando foi viver para o estrangeiro. Após um período de aprendizagem com um mecânico alemão, mudou-se para a Inglaterra. Biografias dizem que ele trabalhou com o inventor [[Joseph Bramah]], mas isso é improvável, já que Bramah morreu em 1814. Ele pode, porém, ter trabalhado para [[Joseph Bramah Bramah|the empresa]]. Em 1855, montou uma loja em Paris, onde ele ganhou uma reputação para a alta qualidade dos seus aparelhos elétricos.
Apesar de Ruhmkorff ser muitas vezes creditado com a invenção da [[bobina de indução]], na verdade essa foi inventada por [[Nicholas Callan]] em 1836. A primeira bobina de Ruhmkorff, que ele patenteou em 1851, utilizava longos enrolamentos de fio de cobre para alcançar uma centelha de aproximadamente 2 polegadas (50&nbsp;mm) de comprimento.  Em 1857, depois de examinar uma versão aprimorada, feita por um inventor americano, [[Edward Samuel Ritchie]],<ref>American Academy of Arts and Sciences, ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', Vol. XXIII, May 1895 - May 1896, Boston: University Press, John Wilson and Son (1896), pp. 359-360: Ritchie's most powerful version of his induction coil, using staged windings, achieved electrical ''bolts'' two feet (61 cm) or longer in length</ref><ref>Page, Charles G., ''History of Induction: The American Claim to the Induction Coil and Its Electrostatic Developments'', Washington, D.C.:  Intelligencer Printing House (1867), [http://books.google.com/books?id=lrzn9ZX79jAC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 104-106]</ref> Ruhmkorff melhorou o seu design (como fizeram outros engenheiros), usando o vidro como isolamento e outras inovações para permitir a produção de faíscas de mais de 30 centímetros de comprimento.<ref>American Academy, pp. 359-360</ref>  Ruhmkorff patenteou a primeira versão de sua bobina de indução, em 1851, e seu sucesso foi tal que em 1858 foi agraciado com um Prêmio de 50,000-franc por ''Napoleon III'' pela descoberta mais importante na aplicação da electricidade. Ele morreu em Paris em 1877.


Although Ruhmkorff is often credited with the invention of the [[induction coil]], it was in fact invented by [[Nicholas Callan]] in 1836.  Ruhmkorff's first coil, which he patented in 1851, utilized long windings of copper wire to achieve a spark of approximately 2 inches (50 mm) in length.  In 1857, after examining a greatly improved version made by an American inventor, [[Edward Samuel Ritchie]],<ref>American Academy of Arts and Sciences, ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', Vol. XXIII, May 1895 - May 1896, Boston: University Press, John Wilson and Son (1896), pp. 359-360: Ritchie's most powerful version of his induction coil, using staged windings, achieved electrical ''bolts'' two feet (61 cm) or longer in length</ref><ref>Page, Charles G., ''History of Induction: The American Claim to the Induction Coil and Its Electrostatic Developments'', Boston: Harvard University, Intelligencer Printing house (1867), pp. 104-106</ref> Ruhmkorff improved his design (as did other engineers), using glass insulation and other innovations to allow the production of sparks more than 30 centimetres long.<ref>American Academy, pp. 359-360</ref>  Ruhmkorff patented the first version of his induction coil in 1851, and its success was such that in 1858 he was awarded a 50,000-franc prize by [[Napoleon III]] for the most important discovery in the application of electricity.  He died in Paris in 1877.
[[image:Jules Verne's "Ruhmkorff lamp", a miners' electric lamp.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Lâmpada de Ruhmkorff de Jules Verne]]
 
In several of [[Jules Verne]]'s science-fiction novels,<ref>''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' (1864), ''From the Earth to the Moon'' (1865), and ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1869).</ref> so-called "Ruhmkorff lamps" are mentioned.  These were an early form of portable electric lamp.  The lamp consisted of a [[Geissler tube]] that was excited by a battery-powered Ruhmkorff induction coil.  Intended for use by miners, the lamp was actually developed by A. Dumas and Dr. Benoit.<ref>A. Dumas and Benoit (1862) "Physique Appliquée — Note sur un appareil propre à éclairer les ouvriers mineurs dans leurs travaux souterrains au moyen de la lumière d'induction," ''Comptes Rendus'', vol. 55, pages 439-440.</ref><ref>See also:  "Jules Verne und die Elektrizität:  Kapitel 2:  Die Ruhmkorfflampe" [in German].  Available on-line at:  http://www.j-verne.de/verne_technik01_1.html  . </ref>
 
[[Imagem:Ruhmkorff_grab.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Sepulcro de Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, [[Cemitério do Montparnasse]], [[Paris]]]]
 
==Ligações externas==
*[http://www.dee.ufrj.br/Museu/ruhmkorff.html Biografia e foto]
 
{{Correlatos
|commonscat=Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel}}
[[Categoria:Inventores da Alemanha]]
[[Categoria:Sepultados no Cemitério do Montparnasse]]
 
[[image:Ruhmkorff coil.png|250px|right|thumb|Ruhmkorff inductor]]
[[image:Ruhmkorff grab.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Tombstone of Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff on the [[Montparnasse Cemetery]] in Paris]]
 
'''Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (Rühmkorff)''' (January 15, 1803 in [[Hanover]] – December 19, 1877  in Paris) was a German instrument maker who commercialised the [[induction coil]] (often referred to as the Ruhmkorff coil.)
 
Ruhmkorff was born in [[Hanover]]. He changed the "ü" to "u" in his name when living abroad. After an apprenticeship with a German mechanic, he moved to England. Biographies say that he worked with the inventor [[Joseph Bramah]], but this is unlikely since Bramah died in 1814. He may, though, have worked for [[Joseph Bramah|the Bramah company]]. In 1855, he set up a shop in Paris, where he gained a reputation for the high quality of his electrical apparatus.
 
Although Ruhmkorff is often credited with the invention of the [[induction coil]], it was in fact invented by [[Nicholas Callan]] in 1836.  Ruhmkorff's first coil, which he patented in 1851, utilized long windings of copper wire to achieve a spark of approximately 2 inches (50&nbsp;mm) in length.  In 1857, after examining a greatly improved version made by an American inventor, [[Edward Samuel Ritchie]],<ref>American Academy of Arts and Sciences, ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', Vol. XXIII, May 1895 - May 1896, Boston: University Press, John Wilson and Son (1896), pp. 359-360: Ritchie's most powerful version of his induction coil, using staged windings, achieved electrical ''bolts'' two feet (61 cm) or longer in length</ref><ref>Page, Charles G., ''History of Induction: The American Claim to the Induction Coil and Its Electrostatic Developments'', Washington, D.C.:  Intelligencer Printing House (1867), [http://books.google.com/books?id=lrzn9ZX79jAC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 104-106]</ref> Ruhmkorff improved his design (as did other engineers), using glass insulation and other innovations to allow the production of sparks more than 30 centimetres long.<ref>American Academy, pp. 359-360</ref>  Ruhmkorff patented the first version of his induction coil in 1851, and its success was such that in 1858 he was awarded a 50,000-franc prize by [[Napoleon III]] for the most important discovery in the application of electricity.  He died in Paris in 1877.
 
[[image:Jules Verne's "Ruhmkorff lamp", a miners' electric lamp.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Jules Verne's "Ruhmkorff lamp"]]
 
== The "Ruhmkorff" lamp ==


== A lâmpada de "Ruhmkorff" ==
In several of [[Jules Verne]]'s science-fiction novels,<ref>''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' (1864), ''From the Earth to the Moon'' (1865), and ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1869).</ref> so-called "Ruhmkorff lamps" are mentioned.  These were an early form of portable electric lamp.  The lamp consisted of a [[Geissler tube]] that was excited by a battery-powered Ruhmkorff induction coil.  Initially the lamp generated white light by using a Geissler tube filled with carbon dioxide.  However, the carbon dioxide tended to break down.  Hence in later lamps, the Geissler tube was filled with nitrogen (which generated red light), and the glass was replaced with [[uranium glass|glass containing uranium salts]] (which fluoresced with a green light).<ref>Paolo Brenni (2007) [http://www.sis.org.uk/bulletin/92/Brenni.pdf "Uranium glass and its scientific uses,"] ''Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society'', no. 92, pages 34-39; see page 37.</ref>
In several of [[Jules Verne]]'s science-fiction novels,<ref>''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' (1864), ''From the Earth to the Moon'' (1865), and ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1869).</ref> so-called "Ruhmkorff lamps" are mentioned.  These were an early form of portable electric lamp.  The lamp consisted of a [[Geissler tube]] that was excited by a battery-powered Ruhmkorff induction coil.  Initially the lamp generated white light by using a Geissler tube filled with carbon dioxide.  However, the carbon dioxide tended to break down.  Hence in later lamps, the Geissler tube was filled with nitrogen (which generated red light), and the glass was replaced with [[uranium glass|glass containing uranium salts]] (which fluoresced with a green light).<ref>Paolo Brenni (2007) [http://www.sis.org.uk/bulletin/92/Brenni.pdf "Uranium glass and its scientific uses,"] ''Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society'', no. 92, pages 34-39; see page 37.</ref>


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Modern inverters for portable fluorescent lanterns don't rely on electromechanical and electromagnetic vibrating switching contacts to produce the required current interruptions on primary circuit to provide induced voltages through the secondary winding as occur in Ruhmkorff coils; instead, the primary of the transformer is switched by means of one or two [[transistors]] oscillating at frequencies of tens or even hundreds of thousand cycles per second which results in smaller and lighter devices having also a very good efficiency in lumens/watt for a given battery consumption or a longer battery charge life for a given light flux when compared with incandescent lamps, but the principle remains the same as in the Dumas & Benoit original mining electric lamp.
Modern inverters for portable fluorescent lanterns don't rely on electromechanical and electromagnetic vibrating switching contacts to produce the required current interruptions on primary circuit to provide induced voltages through the secondary winding as occur in Ruhmkorff coils; instead, the primary of the transformer is switched by means of one or two [[transistors]] oscillating at frequencies of tens or even hundreds of thousand cycles per second which results in smaller and lighter devices having also a very good efficiency in lumens/watt for a given battery consumption or a longer battery charge life for a given light flux when compared with incandescent lamps, but the principle remains the same as in the Dumas & Benoit original mining electric lamp.


==Asteroid==
==Asteróide==
 
O [[asteróide]] [[15273 Ruhmkorff]], descoberto em 1991 por [[E. W. Elst]], foi assim nomeado em homenagem a Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff.
The [[asteroid]] [[15273 Ruhmkorff]], discovered in 1991 by [[E. W. Elst]], is named after Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff.


==References==
==Referências==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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*H.S. Norrie, [http://books.google.com/books?id=hxBLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ruhmkorff Induction-Coils, Their Construction, 0peration and Application''.] (New York, New York:  Spon & Chamberlain, 1896).
*H.S. Norrie, [http://books.google.com/books?id=hxBLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Ruhmkorff Induction-Coils, Their Construction, 0peration and Application''.] (New York, New York:  Spon & Chamberlain, 1896).


==External links==
==Ligações externas==
*[http://www.dee.ufrj.br/Museu/ruhmkorff.html Biografia e foto]
 
{{Correlatos
|commonscat=Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel}}
 
{{Commons category|Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff}}
{{Commons category|Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff}}
*[http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/ruhmkorff.htm Biography] with photographs accessed April 12, 2006
*[http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/ruhmkorff.htm Biography] with photographs accessed April 12, 2006
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{{Authority control|VIAF=8146287}}


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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: ver [[Wikimotorpedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel
| NAME              = Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel
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[[Categoria:Inventores da Alemanha]]
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Categoria:Sepultados no Cemitério do Montparnasse]]
[[Category:1877 deaths]]
[[Category:German inventors]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]

Revisão das 11h28min de 19 de março de 2015

Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff
Ruhmkorff coil.png
O indutor Ruhmkorff
Nascimento 15 de janeiro de 1803
Hannover
Morte 20 de dezembro de 1877 (74 anos)
Paris
Nacionalidade Alemanha Alemão
Campo(s) Mecânica

Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (Hannover, 15 de janeiro de 1803 — Paris, 20 de dezembro de 1877) foi um mecânico alemão que comercializou a bobina de indução (muitas vezes referida como a bobina de Ruhmkorff.)

Ruhmkorff nasceu em 'Hanover'. Ele mudou o "ü" para "u" no seu nome quando foi viver para o estrangeiro. Após um período de aprendizagem com um mecânico alemão, mudou-se para a Inglaterra. Biografias dizem que ele trabalhou com o inventor Joseph Bramah, mas isso é improvável, já que Bramah morreu em 1814. Ele pode, porém, ter trabalhado para the empresa. Em 1855, montou uma loja em Paris, onde ele ganhou uma reputação para a alta qualidade dos seus aparelhos elétricos. Apesar de Ruhmkorff ser muitas vezes creditado com a invenção da bobina de indução, na verdade essa foi inventada por Nicholas Callan em 1836. A primeira bobina de Ruhmkorff, que ele patenteou em 1851, utilizava longos enrolamentos de fio de cobre para alcançar uma centelha de aproximadamente 2 polegadas (50 mm) de comprimento. Em 1857, depois de examinar uma versão aprimorada, feita por um inventor americano, Edward Samuel Ritchie,[1][2] Ruhmkorff melhorou o seu design (como fizeram outros engenheiros), usando o vidro como isolamento e outras inovações para permitir a produção de faíscas de mais de 30 centímetros de comprimento.[3] Ruhmkorff patenteou a primeira versão de sua bobina de indução, em 1851, e seu sucesso foi tal que em 1858 foi agraciado com um Prêmio de 50,000-franc por Napoleon III pela descoberta mais importante na aplicação da electricidade. Ele morreu em Paris em 1877.

Ficheiro:Jules Verne's "Ruhmkorff lamp", a miners' electric lamp.jpg
Lâmpada de Ruhmkorff de Jules Verne

A lâmpada de "Ruhmkorff"

In several of Jules Verne's science-fiction novels,[4] so-called "Ruhmkorff lamps" are mentioned. These were an early form of portable electric lamp. The lamp consisted of a Geissler tube that was excited by a battery-powered Ruhmkorff induction coil. Initially the lamp generated white light by using a Geissler tube filled with carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide tended to break down. Hence in later lamps, the Geissler tube was filled with nitrogen (which generated red light), and the glass was replaced with glass containing uranium salts (which fluoresced with a green light).[5]

Intended for use by miners, the lamp was actually developed both by Alphonse Dumas, an engineer at the iron mines of Saint-Priest and of Lac, near Privas, in the départment of Ardèche, France, and by Dr. Camille Benoît, a medical doctor in Privas.[6] In 1864, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Dumas and Benoît a prize of 1,000 francs for their invention.[7]

This lamp could be considered as a predecessor of modern fluorescent lanterns, because as in the "Ruhmkorff lamp," portable actual ones use an inverter (oscillator + step-up transformer) to convert low voltage DC current from dry cells or storage batteries to AC or even pulsating current at a voltage high enough as to ionize the fluorescent tube and power it at the required nominal power. This one has no nitrogen nor C02, neither uranium glass; instead a modern fluorescent tube is filled with argon at a very low pressure, along with a few milligrams of mercury. Their electrodes are usually constituted by a triple wounded tungsten wire covered with electron emitting substances, as alkaline metal oxides, that easily give free electrons to aid to ionizing, striking and sustaining the electric arc. The inner walls of the tube are coated with a thin layer of fluorescent substances that when excited by the 253,7 nM line of UV radiation from mercury arc, emit visible light, usually in the range of 6500ºK (daylight). The spectral characteristics (coloration) of such a light depends entirely on the chemical nature of those "phosphors."

Modern inverters for portable fluorescent lanterns don't rely on electromechanical and electromagnetic vibrating switching contacts to produce the required current interruptions on primary circuit to provide induced voltages through the secondary winding as occur in Ruhmkorff coils; instead, the primary of the transformer is switched by means of one or two transistors oscillating at frequencies of tens or even hundreds of thousand cycles per second which results in smaller and lighter devices having also a very good efficiency in lumens/watt for a given battery consumption or a longer battery charge life for a given light flux when compared with incandescent lamps, but the principle remains the same as in the Dumas & Benoit original mining electric lamp.

Asteróide

O asteróide 15273 Ruhmkorff, descoberto em 1991 por E. W. Elst, foi assim nomeado em homenagem a Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff.

Referências

  1. ↑ American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXIII, May 1895 - May 1896, Boston: University Press, John Wilson and Son (1896), pp. 359-360: Ritchie's most powerful version of his induction coil, using staged windings, achieved electrical bolts two feet (61 cm) or longer in length
  2. ↑ Page, Charles G., History of Induction: The American Claim to the Induction Coil and Its Electrostatic Developments, Washington, D.C.: Intelligencer Printing House (1867), pp. 104-106
  3. ↑ American Academy, pp. 359-360
  4. ↑ Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1869).
  5. ↑ Paolo Brenni (2007) "Uranium glass and its scientific uses," Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, no. 92, pages 34-39; see page 37.
  6. ↑ See:
  7. ↑ "Prix dit des arts insalubres," Comptes rendus, 60 : 273 (1865).

Further reading

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